Khoj, Institute of Punjabi and Cultural Studies, PU - Lahore

کھوج

Institute of Punjabi & Cultural Studies, Punjab University, Lahore
ISSN (print): 1992-6545
ISSN (online): 1992-6545

Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages

  • Azhar Munir Bhatti/
  • Dr. Abdul Majid Khan Rana/
  • Amna Umer Cheema/
  • September 27, 2022
Keywords
Lexicography, Dictionary Making, Regional languages, Computational lexicography
Abstract

The current study is aimed at discussing the lexicographic issues and development of Pakistani regional languages. The case of Urdu, Punjabi, and Siraiki are considered in detail, whereas only a slant discussion of Pashto and Balochi language too. Pakistan is a rich country with respect to the languages being spoken in it. There is very little work done in the field of lexicography of regional languages. The current work has considered the basic needs of lexicographic development of the selected languages; for which, the researcher has analysed in detail the historical development of dictionary making in this region. The world has become digital and current corona pandemic has forced the people to become online to do almost everything. In the wake of current issues and demands, we need online platforms for our regional languages but unfortunately, there is very less work done in this respect. Only SNLP a society of natural language processing is working on digital scripting of regional languages. It is suggested that more work should be done in the computational lexicography of regional languages. Moreover, it is also suggested that the dictionaries should be transformed as per the modern standards of dictionary making; for which the guidance can be taken from the concerned departments and field experts. Punjabi and Siraiki languages are spoken by a large group of people and their dictionaries are lacking in number and in modern conceptualization, which must be created. Modern concepts like micro and macro structure of the dictionary should be developed in the dictionaries of both languages. It is the duty of our government to work for flourishing regional languages in the shape of dictionary making. 

References

*    Higher Education Department, Punjab

**  Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab

*** Department of English, University of the Punjab

Ahmad, A., (2010). A study of the developments in Monolingual Urdu Lexicography. PhD dissertation: Baha ud Din Zikriya University Multan Pakistan

Ahmad, A., Iqbal, Z., & Ayoub, T. (2014). An Analysis of the Microstructure of Saraiki-Urdu Dictionary. International Journal of Research in Linguistics & Social & Applied Sciences, Vol: 3

Ahmad, M., (2013). An analysis of the Design Features of Urdu-English Dictionary for Advanced Learners of English in Pakistan. PhD dissertation: Baha ud Din Zikriya University Multan Pakistan

Al-Kasimi, M.A. (1983). ‘The Interlingual / Translation dictionary’. In Lexicography: Principles and Practice. (Ed) R.R.K. Hartmann. Pp. 153- 162. London: Academic Press

Biber, D. Conrad, S. &Reppen, R. (1998). ‘Corpus Linguistics: Investigating language structure and use’. CUP

Bhatti, A. M., Parveen, S., & Ali, R. (2017). Integration of speaking and writing skills for better grades: perception of graduate students in Pakistani public sector colleges. International Journal of Research and Development in Social Science (IJRDS), 3(2). 1-14.

Bloomfield, L., (1933). Language. Newyork: Holt, Reinhart

Bukhari, T. (1989). Punjabi-Urdu Lugat. Urdu Science Board, 299-Upper Mall, Lahore.

Cabre, M., T., (1998). Terminologia. Translation by DeCesaris, J., A., (1999). Terminology: theory, methods and applications. John Benjamins, USA

Dino, A., S., & Ahmad, B. (1988). Yadgar Dictionary. Yadgar publishers, Hyderabad

David, A. (2013). Descriptive grammar of Pashto and its dialects (Vol. 1). Walter de Gruyter.

Fallon, S. W. (1858). A New Hindustani English dictionary. Banaras: Medical Hall

Fallon, S. W. (1858/2000): New English Hindustani Dictionary. Reprint of First Edition. Hindustani translations have been romanized. New Delhi

Faridkoti, A. H., (1996). Urdu zubankeqadeemtareekh. Aziz Book Depot, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

Forbes, D., (1845). The Hindustani Manual. A pocket companion for those who visit India Part 1. A compendious grammar. Part 2. A vocabulary of useful words. London

Grierson, G. (1901-21), Linguistic Survey of India,  

Hadley, G., (1801). A Compendious Grammar of the Current Corrupt Dialect of the Jargon of Hindostan, (commonly called Moors). With a vocabulary English and Moors, Moors and English. To which are added familiar phrases and dialogues etc. etc. With notes descriptive of various customs and manners of Bengal. Spa Fields

Halliday, M., A., K., Mcintosh, A., &Strenvens, P., (1964). The Linguistics Sciences and Language Teaching. London: Longman

Haq, M., A., (1967). Multani ZabanaurUska Urdu se Ta’aluq [Urdu: The Multani language and its relationship with Urdu]. Bahawalpur: Urdu Academy.

Hussain, S. S., & Khan, B. M. (2016). Integrated Linguistic Links of Pushto and Saraiki Languages. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS)36(2).

Jackson, H. (2002). Lexicography: An introduction. Routledge

Jokio, A., B., (2004). Noor Study Grammar. New Kathiawar Store, Urdu Bazar Karachi.

Jukes, A. (1900), Jatki orWestern Punjabi Language, Lahore: Religious book and tract society

Landau, S. A. (2001). Dictionaries:The art and craft of lexicography. 2nd ed. CUP

Leech, R. (1838), A vocabulary of the Laghmani, Tirahi, Highlands of Deer, MoghalAimakas Dialect, Calcutta: Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal

Liljegren, H. (2008). Towards a grammatical description of Palula: An Indo-Aryan language of the Hindu Kush (Doctoral dissertation, Institutionenförlingvistik).

Longworth, M., D., (1922). A text book of the Balochi language. Lahore: Government Print of Punjab

McEnery, A.M. & Wilson, A. (2001). Corpus Linguistics (second edition), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburg

Mirdehghan, M. (2010). Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis. Writing Systems Research2(1), 9-23.

Mughal, S. (2010). Urdu Saraiki Mutradifaat. Saraiki Adabi Board Multan

Mughal, S., (1992). Saraiki Akhaanr. Saraiki Adabi Board Multan

Mughal, S., (2010). Shaukat Al-lughaat. Saraiki Adabi Board Multan

Munshi, S. (2006). Indo-Aryan Languages. In Brown, E. K. Ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. New York: Elsevier Cardona G. and Jain, D. (2003). The Indo Aryan Languages. London: Routledge

Paul, A. J., (2014). Punjabi-urduluggat. Malik Book Depot, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

Rahman, T. () ‘Pakistan: Indo-European’, The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. New Delhi and London: Sage Publications, pp. 184-196.

Rana, A. M. K., Bhatti, A. M., &Farukh, A. (2020). Perceptions of Punjabi speakers towards English language teaching policies in Pakistan: A systematic approach. Journal of Talent Development and Excellence12(1), 6257-6272.

Rasheed, A. (2001). Kifayat’s Comprehensive English to English and Sindhi Dictionary. Sindhi Adabi Board Karachi

Rossi, A. V. (2018). 3 Glimpses of Balochi lexicography: Some iconyms for the landscape and their motivation. Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics313, 53.

Salahuddin, I. (2002). Wadi Punjabi Lugat. vol. 1. Aziz Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

Shackle, C., (1983). A century of Saraiki Studies in English. Multan: Bazam e Saqafat.

Shackle, C. (2018). Sindhi language. EncyclopediaBritannica, retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sindhi-language

Shakespear, J., (1817). A dictionary, Hindustani and English. London

Stack, G. (1855), Dictionary of English and Sindhi, Bombay

Trager, G., L., (1949). The Field of Linguistics. SIL occasional papers. 1, Okla: Norman

Wali, A., & Hussain, S. (2006). Context Sensitive Shape-Substitution in Nastaliq Writing System: Analysis and Formulation. In the Proceedings of International Joint
Conferences on Computer, Information, and Systems Sciences, and Engineering
(CISSE2006).

Worsch, W. (2005). Power to the Learner: An Approach towards Pedagogically – OrientedBilingual Dictionaries. In Kernerman Dictionary News [online]. 2002, No. 10

Zgusta, L. (1971). Manual of Lexicography. Mouton: Academia

Ziauddin, & Ali, Z. (2009). Development in Sindhi Lexicography: a Descriptive Survey of Bilingual English-Sindhi Dictionary after 1947. In English Language and Literary Forum. Vol. 11

How to cite

Bhatti, A. M., Rana, D. A. M. K., & Cheema, A. U. (2022). Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages. کھوج, 43(1). http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page

Retrieved from http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page

More citation formats
ACM SIG Proceedings
[1]Bhatti, A.M. et al. 2022. Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages. کھوج. 43, 1 (Oct. 2022).
ACS Nano
(1)Bhatti, A. M.; Rana, D. A. M. K.; Cheema, A. U. Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A Case of Punjabi, and Siraiki Languages. کھوج 2022, 43 (1).
ABNT
BHATTI, Azhar Munir; RANA, Dr. Abdul Majid Khan; CHEEMA, Amna Umer. Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages. کھوج, v. 43, n. 1, 6 Oct.2022.
Chicago (author-date)

            
Harvard (Cite Them Right)
Bhatti, A.M., Rana, D.A.M.K. and Cheema, A.U. (2022) “Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages”, کھوج, 43(1). Available at: http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page (Accessed: 24 August 2026).
IEEE
[1]A. M. Bhatti, D. A. M. K. Rana, and A. U. Cheema, “Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages”, کھوج, vol. 43, no. 1, Oct. 2022, Accessed: Aug. 24, 2026. [Online]. Available: http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page
MLA
Bhatti, Azhar Munir, et al. “Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A Case of Punjabi, and Siraiki Languages”. کھوج, vols. 43, no. 1, Oct. 2022, http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page.
Turabian (full note bibliography)
Bhatti, Azhar Munir, Dr. Abdul Majid Khan Rana, and Amna Umer Cheema. “Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A Case of Punjabi, and Siraiki Languages”. کھوج 43, no. 1 (October 6, 2022). Accessed August 24, 2026. http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page.
Vancouver
1.Bhatti AM, Rana DAMK, Cheema AU. Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages. کھوج [Internet]. 2022 Oct. 6 [cited 2026 Aug. 24];43(1). Available from: http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page
AMA
1.Bhatti AM, Rana DAMK, Cheema AU. Lexicography of Pakistani Languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages. کھوج. 2022;43(1). Accessed August 24, 2026. http://khoj.ipcs.edu.pk/website/journal/article/633e6f816e656/page

Download citation Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Author(s):

Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan

Details:

Type: Article
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Language: English
Id: 633e6f816e656
Discipline: Y
Published September 27, 2022

Statistics

  • 521
  • 293
  • 539

Copyrights

Punjab University
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.